Studies of ancient Greek philosophy makes me understand why some ethnic and national social system exists defects, its reason is the understanding and source of justice. Human society to achieve justice, we first make clear the significance of justice, Aristotle thinks that justice is a reservoir of all virtue and morality is the best in others, justice is the good (good), it is better than brave, morality is as brave as morality is because of his own good. Therefore, justice should be morality core! Every man according to his social ethical practice of justice, others will not happiness, happiness, harmonious society can also! If you lack of social morality, some people just this principle to do his will, others happy happiness. Such as slavery society, feudal society is holding the power of happiness, most people have happiness! To ensure the social morality to justice for the core, Aristotle thinks that laws must be impartial legal justice, is to ensure that the social morality fair. How to ensure legal justice? Western have a precedent that democracy. Western democracy is built on the basis of natural law, natural law has two, one is the theory of natural rights, the other is a social contract theory, based on the universal declaration of human rights and the west are American constitutionalism. However, the law of justice is the Aristotelian sources, and the principle of justice should also be to republican in the early for the core of each mark is discussed! The western theory of natural law is a kind of hypothesis. Of course, the practice of western constitutional core is the universal declaration of human rights and democracy, a democratic can ensure social justice, making the national power to justice and fairness of the exercise. So some exercise of power according to the practice, not only their own happiness, also ensure happiness of others.

Economic development is very important, but the system construction is more important. It is the modern Chinese lessons, but it's difficult to say people have learned this lesson. History of the world, a country that is whether the rise is the sign of the system construction, rather than simply GDP. If the light in the 1820s, said China's GDP in GDP is the largest country in the world. Unfortunately, after 20 years, China was defeated Britain. British GDP, is only a small part of, because at that time, including the UK, Europe's GDP, seven less than 10 percent of the world's overall GDP. Britain's rise is the internal system, internal system extends to the international community, the British empire. Say so, not British GDP, but England defeated the qing empire of the system.

The sino-japanese war have exactly the same lessons. Japan's powerful Meiji reform is produced new national institution, instead of GDP. In 1895, the qing dynasty in Japan, li to Japanese peace. Japan general ITO hirobumi ask li: "ten years ago, I talk to reform, why until now, you haven't made a thing?" Li answered: "our affairs deeply restricted by traditional. I can do what I want to do. I have no a power to go to, to my goal. I feel ashamed. Today's Chinese reformers, but generally lack most reformers are li was feeling: reform is a must, but it's really difficult reforms. But must realize that if blindly succumbing to the difficulty, no effective reform the system construction, so simple of GDP achievement not only China's great-nation station, and also would eventually lead to self. History will not simply repeat, but also to prevent history tragedy.

Democracy is not great, but it is human society sooner or later the standards should not be missing. Therefore, to democracy system construction is the core of today's world is inevitable problems, it is human beings lighthouse!

民主是人类不可缺失的准则

研究古希腊哲学才使我明白，为什么有些民族和国家社会制度存在着缺陷，其原因是对公正的理解和来源不清。人类社会要达到公正，首先要清楚公正的意义，亚里士多德认为，公正是一切德性的总汇，是最好的伦理德性，公正是对他人的善（善是好的意思），它比勇敢等伦理德性来说要好，因为勇敢等伦理德性是对自己的善。因此，公正应是伦理德性核心！每个人依据公正的社会伦理实践自己不仅幸福，他人也会幸福，社会也就能和谐！如果社会伦理德性缺失公正这个原则，一些人做事自己能够幸福，他人就不会幸福。例如奴隶制、封建制社会就是握有权力的人幸福，多数人就没有幸福而言！要保证社会伦理德性以公正为核心，亚里士多德认为，法律必须公正，法律公正是确保社会伦理德性公正的必然。怎样保证法律公正？西方已经有了先例，那就是民主。西方的民主是建立在自然法的基础上的，自然法理论有两点，一个是自然权利，另一个是社会契约理论，在此基础上西方才有人权宣言和美国的宪政。不过，亚里士多德对于法律是公正的来源，以及共和也应以公正原则为核心早就在《尼各马克伦理学》进行了讨论！西方的自然法理论只是一种假设。当然，实践上西方的人权宣言和宪政核心就是民主，有了民主就能确保社会公正，使国家的权力能够公正和公正的行使。这样一些行使权力的人，按此实践，不仅自己幸福，也保证其他人的幸福。

   经济发展非常重要，但制度建设更为重要。这是近代中国史的经验教训，但很难说人们已经学到了这个教训。世界历史也表明，一个国家是否崛起的标志是制度建设，而非单纯的GDP。如果光说GDP，中国在1820年代是世界上GDP最大的国家。但很可惜，20年之后，中国就被英国所打败。就GDP来说，英国只占很小的一部分，因为当时包括英国在内的西欧七国的GDP，还不到世界总体GDP的百分之十。英国的崛起是其内部制度的崛起，内部制度延伸到国际社会，造就了大英帝国。所以说，不是英国的GDP，而是英国的制度打败了清帝国。

　　中日战争也有完全一样的教训。日本的强大在于明治维新所产生的新型国家制度，而非GDP。1895年，清朝败于日本，李鸿章到日本求和。日本将军伊藤博文就问李鸿章：“十年前，我和你谈论改革的事，为什么直到现在，你一件事情也没有做成？”李鸿章回答道：“我国的事务深为传统所限制。我不能做我想做的事。我力不从心，没有力量去达到我的目标。我为此深感羞愧”。今天的中国不乏改革者，但大凡多数改革者都有李鸿章当时的感觉：改革是必须的，但改革实在太难了。不过必须意识到，如果一味屈从于改革的困难，没有有效的制度建设，那么单纯的GDP不但成就不了中国的大国地位，而且也会最终走向自我击败。历史不会简单地重复，但也要预防历史悲剧的重演。

  民主虽不是金科玉律，但它迟早会是人类社会不应该缺失的准则。因此，以民主为核心的制度建设是当今世界不可回避的问题，这也是人类和谐的灯塔！