Ethics in its traditional understanding is an original teaching about ideas, principles, standards and rules of morality and rectitude functioning in different realms and spheres of public life and human activity. The subject of the ethics has always been philosophical reflection of moral and rectitude thoughts and daily practice behavior.

The concept of ethics goes back to the ancient Greek word 'ethos', it meant a dwelling and, also, some rules developed by joint habitation. The etymology of the concept shows itself brightly, that the subject of scientific study is a social practical behavior of people, and standards, that help to unite people in society to overcome an in-born individualism and aggression. Eventually, the original meaning was developed as with evolution of society. The ancients believed a real human should think and develop the idea to make people good and boon in his social behavior in harmony with his good conscious.

In modern Russian language ethics is understood as a philosophical teaching about the evolution of morality and harmony. Ethics studies their place and role in different systems of social conscious and behavior. It gives a meaning and interprets the nature and moral conditions of human communication in the definite society, also studies self-development of rectitude, as internal direction of individuality towards social and individual forms if existence. Ethic develops humanitarian ideology of human-like behavior of people, basically, young people. Ethic has always played an exceptional role in modern scientific, medical and other creative activity and artistic explorations of people. Being an essential form of social conscious, it determines special reflection and creates new social and cultural spheres in life and creative activity of people. It was achieved by developing laws to regulate social behavior of people.

Historically, all ethical innovative standards of behavior and conscious modeled by philosophy, and its categories and notions, since its origin, were to prove its content and conjugate laws of the nature and society. Actually, it got into a realm of philosophy thanks to Aristotle, who developed the notion of ethical, meaning a range of norms and standards, rules and virtues such as good conscience, justice, courage, frugality, generosity, etc. Modern ethic is a philosophical foundation of human interrelations with other people, with everything what lives inside people and close to us. Principles and standards of human life logically derive from general theory of ethic as a practical part of philosophy.

That is why in the life of modern people a philosophical foundation of ethic became a new interpretation of interconnection natural and humanitarian knowledge that gives opportunity to understand and evaluate necessity to save life on the Earth per se. This idea in ethic was developed in a new teaching called "Bioethics". It's about new moral relations among people, especially among medics and patients, based on great achievements of natural and medical sciences, in clinical practice, also about ethical principles of just and fair distribution resources in public health services.

The central place in bioethics is given to analysis and synthesis of the core problems, such as morale and legal conduct of biomedical researches and experiments on animals and human. Bioethics got a legacy of medical ethic and deontology, and in modern state of science and techniques must integrate with their innovative achievements. Practically, it absorbed all the urgent problems of natural and humanitarian sciences concerning maintenance of terrestrial life, and public health services, as well as required.

Many branches of modern knowledge are based on bioethics, ant they try to keep scientific consistency and legal and moral responsibility. These are the very principles of scientific epistemology, ecological ethics of saving living nature, morality, that makes biotechnologies safe and morality of civil education.

A basic distinctive feature of human life legal regulation in comparison to moral regulation is, that legal is based on state laws and governmental edicts, judicial verdicts. As for the essence of moral regulation, it supposes free will social behavior, referring to human ratio and conscious. In other words, legal sanctions are based on compulsion, while moral ones are based on awareness of personal responsibility for all the actions and deeds for the sake of social justice.

It is not accidental, that today a lot is written and spoken about bioethics as a philosophical and ethical paradigm of settlement and social life management. Indeed, it became one of essential integral parts of ethics as practical philosophy of saving life and healthcare.

Principles of moral consciousness

With complication of modern global life problems (threat of the international security, growth of the ethnic and national and interreligious conflicts, pollution of the vital environment, and great decrease in biological diversity of the nature) special value was gained by a human factor, as the spiritual force influencing world around. In this regard the problem of increasing role of culture in life and activity of people was stated.

The central problem is an urgent issue about quality of moral consciousness of all people and young generation especially, of course, it is eternal problem. But, as the mankind history testifies, a source of changing moral and consciousness are such factors as: judgment, accumulation, preservation, distribution and assimilation by all people experience in their socially useful life and creative activity. Their life experience is concentrated and shown in the main welfare functions of morality and moral consciousness: informative, evolutional, educational, and regulatory. The moral consciousness bears on the press of a condition of spiritual health of every certain person and society as a whole.

Under the influence of natural environment and influence of welfare, factors in society and peculiar laws of people behavior in interests of their expedient management, arrangement of joint life and activity arise. With emergence in the social relation non-uniformed society, the need for individual methods of regulation human relations appeared, releasing the individual from rigid guardianship of a community. Therefore along with moral standards of life, individual rules of behavior – moral were created. Unlike rigid requirements of morals, the moral gravitates to establish personal rules of behavior which focus the personality on search of reasonable communication with other people, something kind and eternal in public life. These rules awakened its aspiration to voluntary following principles of humane communication. The origin of moral shows growth of spiritual culture, break into the area of actually human relations reflecting its internal spiritual potentialities.

Modern communicative activity of people in the world and in the country is very dynamic generally thanks to prompt updating scientific knowledge about the world, society and the person. Today, when new high technologies actively develop and the latest scientific and technical developments take root the philosophical judgment of moral and moral principles, norms and requirements in joint activity of people is almost necessary.

Happening in the world and in Russia informational, technological and technical changes, demand corresponding reassessment of ethical function of communications in the light of their life-teaching mission. Philosophy, realizing the spiritual potential, can and should make today a new contribution to optimize a role of modern ethics. Scientists, philosophers and physicians in the life and creative activity are guided by Hippocrates, Galen, Cicero, Avicenna, Bentam's moral doctrines, the Edging about a moral duty of the expert and his responsibility for everything to them created. Characteristic feature of ancient Greek, and later all European philosophy and medicine is aspiration to moral improvement of the personality, maintenance of physical health.

The problem of complex studying of health of the person becomes the central methodological problem: physical, mental, mental. Physicians always met that the person at the same time belongs to natural world and the world welfare, submitting both to nature laws, and internal desires of moral – «the internal law in me» (Kant).

At the beginning of the XX century in scientific medicine and clinical practice the principle of a complete view of the person in which development a big contribution brought N.I.Pirogov, I.M.Setchenov, I.I.Pavlov and many others. All this also allowed to create the concept of the paternal medicine which sense is reduced to that all theoretical and practical actions of physicians were directed to the benefit of the person: its health and happiness. If physicians suddenly forget about professional duty to live and act for the good of the person, the medicine can become what not (anatomy, physiology, biomedicine, microbiology), but only not medicine in strictly traditional sense of its understanding.

The medicine and strongly merged long ago with system of a universal moral and legal duty – competently and disinterestedly to serve all people. Such requirements received fixing in a deontology (Greek deontos - duty and logos - the doctrine) or medical ethics where all public requirements to medical workers are strictly stated. At the critical moments of human history and the cultures connected with overthrow of idols and crash of moral illusions, the philosophical and ethical thought aimed at search of solutions of qualitatively new vital senses, creation of other moral and legal reference points in destiny of certain people and the whole people as especially humane values is strategized.

Crisis of ethical ideals promotes radical reassessment of the main moral and legal foundations as life of the person and mankind appeared on a change when link of times broke up, and habitual existence of people became drama, sometimes even tragic. The philosophical reflection during such moments addresses to the highest valuable phenomena of human culture to prove new system of moral reference points, to draw attention of people to preservation of system of universal values. The individual understanding of the updated ideals in life is a precondition of moral self-improvement as an ideal, setting a high level of life and activity to the person, develops his spirituality. In the history of mankind orientation to moral ideals promoted creation of programs of the future, i.e. the organization of potentially possible types and forms of creative, creative activity of people, search of new ideals of welfare life, commission of moral acts which should turn into standards of human behavior in future social community.

The more dynamically society develops, the more actively and more wisely in it innovative ideals of life or projects examples of moral behavior of the people, providing high-quality change of the settled stereotypes and templates of social activity, ways of judgment and experience of the new world by the person are developed. Any mismatch developing in the society of new moral ideals and standards of behavior, and also moral principles of the personality, need for their continuous change, are painfully endured by the person, sometimes becoming heavy burden and test for it as indicate a crisis state of society, about temporary loss of moral prospect. «The time is out of joint» – it is so possible to characterize after Shakespeare’s Hamlet a similar condition of modern Russian society and «terrible being» of the person in it. Radical changes in all areas of activity of our society are sharply shown in the spiritual sphere. For example, now in the Russian society everything is more visually shown individualism, irresponsibility and cynicism widely extends. It occurs because of thoughtless commercialization in different types of activity of people, including to the spiritual sphere.

And nevertheless, as the cultural development history shows, overcoming of crisis of moral is inevitable, as the majority of people, despite of everything, continues to be guided by simple universal standards of behavior. The morals and moral methods aimed at ensuring of norms of social behavior, observance of the general interest in chaos of individual passions and defects, degradations of certain individuals are updated. At all turning points interest to behavioral ideals and cultural wealth of mankind in the history becomes aggravated. And threat and real danger to mankind, promote updating of norms of morals. There is an active search of the ideals focused on dialogue of different cultures, pluralism of opinions, tolerance and diversity of development. Nowadays there was a need for revision got to contemporaries in inheritance of moral and legal doctrinally instructions, their formulation in an innovative substantial look.

The need for updating moral principles and rules of law became especially obvious in the XX-XXI centuries marked by changes in various areas of life and activity of people. Under the influence of new vital circumstances they began to lose identity, endowing freedom. Therefore a paramount task of modern philosophers, scientists, physicians, teachers and some other experts is creation of the general human ethics approving principles of morals to scales of interest of the world community. Creation of high-humane planetary ethics of scientists, physicians as general professional responsibility nowadays becomes the most important problem of humanely conceiving mankind. People not only expect today from a science, new equipment and technology advantage, their highest practical investments in national needs, but also demand, thus, the increased professional and moral responsibility for introduction in practice of innovative technologies.

Today children are, as a rule, brought up on computer games, and are on friendly terms on the Internet. They live in technology. They at all in a condition to imagine, as could exist without TVs, computers and without phones. Speed became the main sign of the modern world. Today people do not wish to spend in vain time, for example, for flights from Moscow to Khabarovsk or Vladivostok. People got used to busy life, sincerely being annoyed, when, in their opinion, the computer is slowly loaded, or a train or a plane is late. All achievements of science, equipment and technology is a property of mankind and it should be protected. But thus it is not necessary to idolize both a science, and work of scientists. Scientists should understand and bear a mission of an individual responsibility for the scientific and creative activity. The urgency of understanding by mankind moral and legal responsibility for activity of scientists and experts shows, first of all, the deepest moral and legal crisis striking all modern mankind and the Russian society, in particular. In the world and in our country there were radical changes in a way of life and in thoughts of people because of achievements of scientific and technological breaks, increases of problems in political and social and economic life. In this regard, to sweeping changes in society people had an ambiguous relation. One estimate them as obviously positive factor, others perceive them uneasily. But, unfortunately, many don't understand, what huge intellectual and moral potential isn't used to manage all these processes. And it is necessary to use, realing responsibility for life preservation, and especially for savings of health and that is created by them. It should happen sooner or later, as in reformations, modernizations and the updating endured by the people of Russia the last decades, in activity of people a lot of things changed, including system of ethical values which defined welfare, socio-psychological, intellectual and moral health of society.

Nowadays moral and legal level of public and individual consciousness and behavior considerably falls down. All-civil virtues such, as feeling of solidarity and a collectivism, diligence and professionalism greatly depreciate.

Appeals concern the lack of moral responsibility to do their work, respect for the principles of internationalism and patriotism, and some others. Such principles like internationalism and patriotism are lacking and some other moral the responsible relation to job. There has also emerged a number of social pathologies: corruption, gangsterism, vagrancy, an orphanhood, drug addiction and alcoholism have grown, as well as socially caused diseases. Philosophically speaking, loss of former moral and moral values revealed a small stock of strong-willed durability of people that was expressed in civil indifference, political apathy and mass daily animosity. In this regard the mission is to educate every person in making a choice of a worthy way of life and behavior to provide happiness and wellbeing, and also promote wellbeing of people around. Taking into account the called vital conditions, the scientific facts and judgments it is necessary to improve considerably all known administrative functions of morals in a humanization of public behavior. And only universal requirements and standards of the updated humanitarian code in life and activity of the modern personality can be such functions nowadays.

Key components of such code should be:

- Live and act in harmony with the nature and society;

- Lead a healthy lifestyle;

- Care of the health;

- Aspire to physical, mental and moral health;

- Improve the intelligence and deepen knowledge;

- Learn to think free and critical;

- Live and behave in consent with the conscience;

- Keep your honor and dignity;

- Develop your feeling of respect and love to people;

- Be merciful;

- Sympathize and help weak and sick;

- Protect all protogenic live;

- Appreciate and keep cultural values;

- Protect surrounding environment;

- Try to get rid of addictions and the shortcomings.

Solving these all-humane requirements to every personality and to society, the ethic and legal consensus reflecting interests and requirements of a set layers and stratas of the population in responsible behavior for the sake of maintenance healthy and fruitful people activity on Earth will become stronger.

The doctrine about moral responsibility

Moral responsibility is not only category of philosophy, but mainly ethical concept reflecting a condition of the welfare and moral status of the personality in society (mankind as a whole) which points, first of all, need of performance moral duty and legal requirements. The category of moral responsibility incorporates a key philosophical and sociological problem of rational ability and possibility of the person to represent itself as the subject (creator) of all the actions in society and more specific questions of type: ability of conscious personality (intentionally and voluntary) to fulfill public requirements and be able to carry out daily tasks facing it; to make right moral choice; to reach positive result, and also the questions of correctness connected with it, or guilt of the individual, possibility to approve or condemn its acts, compensation or punishment. All this pulls together moral responsibility of the personality with its civil duty. In modern ethics, unfortunately, not all acts of people are considered from positions of public interest.

Development of moral and civil liability feeling for results of creative activity should become care of everybody who somehow participates in business of improvement of society, sharing achievements of a humanistic ideal in life and activity of people. For example, can be seemed that production of scientific knowledge is harmful as it is a theoretical basis of modern scientific and technological development and defines life of the last, and that the science as its parent bears all responsibility for emergence of technological innovations both positive, and negative. But it is far not so. In philosophy, science, medicine and other spheres of life where knowledge of the world and society is modified, there is a new ethical doctrine – bioethics. Its subject is moral legal attitude of scientists, the physicians, all other experts to knowledge of all live that is on Earth.

Interest to the problem of moral responsibility of the personality is directly interfaced to understanding of a problem of modern life and its preservation. This interest arose during antique times when the first scientists and philosophers speculatively tried to learn and understand the origin of species and the person. For example, similar to idea of Darwin, a way of a individuals' survival adapted in their best way to survive, Empedocles, living in the V century B.C. stated. This problem of life has repeatedly been discussed at all levels of a science, medicine and philosophy, and answers, according to ideas existing in these spears of life, were different. Unfortunately, and until now modern science, and medicine can't give the convincing answer to the question what is life. Answers, of course, are, including coming nearer to truth, but these are rather characteristics or distinctive signs of live, lives of this unique terrestrial phenomenon describing these or those parts. And after all the understanding of the essence of life, its emergence and evolution defines the present and the future life on Earth, survival of mankind as the highest type of all live.

Survival of mankind in the XXI century became a super actual task. It directly depends on, whether we will manage to find moral and valuable consciousness before individualistic egoism and religious and fundamentalist fanaticism lead to death of terrestrial civilization, and together with it and life on the planet. In ordinary and practical consciousness there is understanding of this danger which is integrated with understanding of valuable and conscious responsibility for all events. The moral and axiological relation to the world and life on Earth, being judgment of the person about sense of life in its spiritual and practical transformation of the world, becomes ethic and legal orientation in complete practical activity: public behavior, scientific and informative, creative and converting work. The said above first of all means that formation of modern moral and legal consciousness is necessary for understanding responsibility for results of the creative and converting activity which became a subject of special attention of so-called ethics of preservation of life on Earth and human health savings – bioethics.

Idea occurring nowadays in society of bioethics as preservation of life on Earth has quite often narrow-minded character which is to a greater or lesser extent connected with an emotional and spiritual poor-quality education in the subject of transformation and behavior. Orientation of traditional ethics to achieve personal benefits the person, to provide happy human life, its relative freedom in life is perceived more often as needs of nature of the personality, than its duty. And this moral consciousness of many people is not associated with destiny of society, and furthermore - mankind. However mankind, fighting for existence and development, as though begins to see clearly, i.e. it starts to understand that mortal is not only every human individual, but also all mankind as a whole can be lost.  If scientists and physicians, politicians and the sociologists influencing change of public consciousness, won't be guided by an ethical principle of an individual responsibility for life preservation as that in the research and converting activity, all mankind can come to tragic situation.

The mankind faces today two possible scenarios of the future condition: tragic or optimistic. It agrees to the first if to follow the purposes to achieve pleasure thoughtlessly and at times immensely using phenomenal results of scientific and technical and technological progress, as a result it is possible to lose all human qualities: reason, honor, conscience, dignity etc. Vital modern humanistic ethics – bioethics which appeals to reason and conscience of all creative, givinging the best conditions for happy life of people resist to this pessimistic scenario of future and sad destiny of mankind.  They understand well that many societies wallowed already in the devastating political and economic conflicts, and that ignorance and mutual distrust create centers of social tension which already threaten people and all mankind with death.

Only at ethical resolve modern political, economic, national, religious conflicts and other global problems in life of both every person, and all mankind, today on the forefront it is necessary to put forward problems of moral education of civil, individual and personal liability. So, for the modern scientists, physicians, philosophers, sociologists, politicians, lawyers and other experts who are responsible for creation and preservation of a healthy and creative situation work-groups and society, and also in destiny of each individual, orientation to new moral legal principles in life preservation on Earth and savings of intellectual and moral human health and all mankind in particular is important.  For this purpose it is necessary to provide availability of receiving good education by all people of our planet, widely to extend ideas of humanity and democracy, a human right and its responsibility for creation conditions for healthy and happy life.

The relation to the person as to a unique biological, spiritual living being becomes a especial priority value.  That's why bioethics requires all who in any way associated with life processes or modifies certain types of creatures to obey the moral and legal ideals and principles. This circumstance also explains sources and the reasons of its emergence as integrated science in the end of XX – the beginning of the XXI centuries when radical changes in relation to results of reformative activity in a science as a whole and in medicine, in particular began to be felt really. Modern researchers of the nature have no doubt in ethical neutrality of natural science.  It causes the requirement to scientists and experts to use ideals and principles of the humanity focused on upholding of the supreme values of public and private life of the person.

Modern researches in the field of receiving cheap atomic energy, preservation of protogenic ecology, use of methods of genetic engineering and many other innovative means of arrangement life of modern people. Scientists and especially physicians can not be «ethically indifferent» as their results can be used by politicians or other persons absolutely and not for the good of mankind, and even, unfortunately, to the detriment of it. Here we should quote warning words of the philosopher R. Harra (born 1927): «Research ethics erects any barriers to procedures for detection predispositions and abilities at people behavior and in escalating degree at animals» (Harra R. Constructivism and knowledge bases. Philosophy questions. 2006. No. 11. Page 98).  Comprehensive nature of ethics as philosophical doctrine is not only about morals and behaviour of people, but also about ways of providing a healthy lifestyle, shown in all spheres of public life and activity of people.

As the out-standing scientist-psychologist and philosopher humanist E. Fromm (19OO-198O) in his work «Healthy society» defined, as the main principle, degree of health of society, using Kant's categorical imperative: any person can't be means for achievement of the purposes of another, but always is the purpose in itself in which we mentioned earlier. In healthy society in the center of attention there is a person who creates both spiritual and material values, relying on the needs of nature. Healthy society needs more not only a person, worker producing all kinds of goods, but also needs a person curious in the world around and his own place in it. According to a unique phenomenon of the realized studying and high-quality transformation of the world by the person, the last should be extremely careful in converting business. He should aspire, as it is possible to learn better the transformation subject, to be skillful to use his own methods and means of transformation or updating.

But today it is not enough of it, he should be also highly moral, i.e. understanding all possible consequences of scientific research (especially lives) and productions of all new. And it means that the modern person, whether he is a scientist, a physician or any other expert having any relation to preservation of protogenic life, is urged to assume meaningly an individual responsibility for everything that created and that they will transform. Therefore the modern philosophical and ethical thought ascertains painful semiology in quite many forms and types of civilized development of mankind, active creative life and activity of people. Interests of every personality haven't been satisfied in society completely. It is difficult to disagree with it, as formation of humane public interrelations and the relations is almost unattainable. Our civilization and personality in society develops, so, many plans and strategy of action change. And often this process is defined by adequate vision of reality. The philosophical and ethical culture of modern people allow to understand, what the highest blessing for each certain person and human society as a whole consists of.   

Real following to bioethics ideals; in particular a mercy principle in social life, is disputable and not easily implemented, very inconvenient both from psychological, and from the practical points of view. First, mercy can lead to an inequality and provoke the social conflicts, as awareness of needs puts the person in the situation which can be treated as derogating from moral advantage. Secondly, own understanding of good can differ from understanding of the philanthropist's good, so its impossible to insist on personal vision of good Thirdly, mercy is made in the imperfect, unmerciful world. From the point of view of purely standard rules, mercy is directly connected with requirements of forgiveness of offenses, nonresistance to the evil violence and love to enemies. Despite a rigorizm, I. Kant’s doctrine sounds today as the modern person – can't concede caution to immorality, never and under no circumstances.   It is impossible to be «ethically neutral» at permission of natural and social cataclysms; the solution is not in refusal of a duty, and in its connection with love, conscience, goodwill, responsibility in search of humanistic planetary ethics for the sake of that the mankind kept itself and high moral values.

Painful search of the answer to a question put by S.L. Frank (1877-1950) at the beginning of the XX century: «What is to be done by me and others, to save the world and first of all to justify my existence?» – proceeds and today. More than fifty years ago, on December 23, 1954 the well-known British philosopher, logician, mathematician, Nobel prize winner B. Russell (1872-1970) who actively fought for peace and elimination of the nuclear weapon, using his huge authority and publicistic talent, addressed to people with the statement for need of fight for life preservation on Earth. Meanwhile, the universal culture, moral and humane ideas of activity of the person are based on a human corporality with possibilities inherited in it.

Nowadays the new type of relation to life in which new understanding of uniqueness of the phenomenon of life in general is expressed, becomes extremely actual. It is quite obvious the statement of R.S. Karpinskaya (1928-1993) – the biologist and the philosopher of a science, in the categorical statement asserting that today «life preservation on Earth, both human, and any other, is more and more realized not only as social and cultural, practical and political, but also as a scientific challenge. Moreover, the problem of survival of all live on Earth deserves more than ever before closest attention and from philosophy as well» (Karpinskaya R.S. Philosophy of biology: yesterday, today, tomorrow. M, 1996. Page 15). Bases of such understanding and relation to life are put in general by ethics of activing activity of the person. In fact, it forces to think about sense and values of the existence. It outlines for it the main contours of the world of culture in which the philosophy and a science, art and literature, history and medicine are entered. It says to people that their honor, good, beauty and justice aren't less important for life and activity, than truth.

If special sciences educate students to be experts, ethics and humanitarian disciplines form their personality – critical conceiving and responsible creator of their life, the citizen of the country. The person who has not been acquainted to philosophy, ethical meaning of the life, appears no more than a robot operating on enclosed by someone in it to the program and is obedient to submitting indications of the power, advertizing and mass media. During lifetime people are frightened not by hopelessness of death, but nonsense of life.  And the meaning of life is service to people: not you owe me, but I to you and all! The academician of medicine Yu.L. Shevchenko, addressing to medical students, sincerely wrote: «today it is very important to get at least philosophy bases, as for medicine and its attendants (attendants, instead of medics) mastering by philosophy is a question of formation of human spirit, this universal education and education, at the heart of which humanity, high moral, truthfulness, honesty and mercy». (Medicine philosophy. Textbook. M, 2004. Page 10).