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Ravil Kalmykov - Phd,
Associated member of WPF, Ivanovo, Russia

Complex Research from Within and Outside - as Interdisciplinary Tool
in Studying Self-organizing Systems of the Different Nature

The mankind steadily comes nearer to a solution of essence of self-organizing more close. Some aspects of self-organizing have been successfully accented and researched within the limits of cybernetics, the theory of systems, and the theory of an artificial intellect. Eventually H. Haken has founded special interdisciplinary science - the Synergetics, called to investigate secrets of self-organizing. He has defined self-organizing as process of ordering (spatial and time) in the open system, due to the coordinated interaction of set of its components.

A.P.Rudenko [1] has offered also the alternative concept in which unlike coherent self-organizing in the dissipative systems with big number of elements (macro systems), continual self-organizing for individual (micro-) systems is considered. As the type of self-organizing accented by him for individual systems (continual with the syncretic mechanism) has differences from accented by Haken type of self-organizing for collective macro systems (coherent with the synergetic mechanism), he has suggested to name syncretics this addition to synergetics. In his variant the self-organizing is defined as the anti-entropy process running in open system against balance.

Today the synergetics enjoys rather big popularity, new groups of researchers are involved in circle writing about her. The entropy of the over-all research process is increasing accordingly, there is some confusion. In aspiration to resist to this it is offered to specify some important points.

Along with the narrow initial interpretation of synergetics accenting a phenomenon of coordination in behavior of ensembles of elements, there were variants of the expanded interpretation making accent on the theory of open systems, nonlinear dynamics, dynamic hierarchy, a birth of the order from chaos, display of principles of similarity and fractality, occurrence of the strange attractors, etc. Is thought, in order to prevent mess it is necessary more accurately and differentially to approach to a designation of separate aspects of self-organizing, that more precisely defining ways of its further research. As to the synergetics in its narrow interpretation the idea about the exhaustion its research field and methodological potential by present time in a lot of reviews began to sound. Well, it has given us the special vision of problematics of self-organizing, and we are grateful for this to it. But the theme of self-organizing is not yet opened completely; therefore the process of search of other deep aspects should be continued with evidence, probably, from positions of new interdisciplinary techniques.

The concept of the open system appears in both above-stated definitions of self-organizing. It is defined as the system, exchanging by substance and energy with an external world in overwhelming majority of cases. This accent on an external exchange is capable to enter scientists not too expert in the theory of systems into some error. First of all, it is necessary to keep in mind that is a question all the same about system as the united set, a complex of objects or mental representations naturally connected among themselves and acting in a role of elements and fragments of complete formation. Existence of system already means the certain closure of its components with each other. It means that interaction of elements of system with each other flows essentially more intensively, than with objects external to system. It is possible only in conditions of some isolation of a complex of objects composing system. Thus a speech should be about an obligatory element of their closeness in some basic attitudes for any system. And already on size of this closeness depends, as it to name further. It is clear for all that the closed system is system which is not cooperating with an external world absolutely; the volume of its external interaction is equal 0. Clearly also, completely open system, volume of external interaction of which is not limited, actually is deprived of the factor of isolation, and it is not a system already, but it is a simply chaotic set of objects. Except for these two extreme cases all other systems are open systems.

When we talk about the open systems, it is meant, remaining closed in some attitudes, they appear opened in others that allow them to carry out an exchange with environment, not losing thus the integrity. So for the majority of people would be more clear, if it was named the closed-opened, half-closed or partially closed sets.

Change of entropy of the open system can be presented two-piece, one of which (deS) is caused by interaction with an environment (in particular, heat exchange), and the second (diS) - by spontaneous course of irreversible "internal" processes in the open system:

dS = deS + diS

The degree of an openness or closeness of system depends just on a parity of sizes of two these items. The found out fact of presence in the open system of two competing driving beginnings causing two kinds of exchange process - an internal exchange between elements of system and an external exchange with environment - allows formulating two important ideas.

First, in case of self-organizing system both processes should have with evidence the causal source or a drive. Concentrating on various thermodynamic, chemical, biological, and information aspects of self-organizing, we till now bypassed attention causal aspect. And meanwhile creation of adequate causal model of self-organizing sees to us as the most important task in case of which decision other aspects can be cleared automatically. Reflections about specific conditions of realization of determinism in case of self-organizing systems have led the author of this article to original model of causal underlying reason of the self-organizing which has received the name of theory of ring determinism [2]. For be interested I can mention here, that the inertia of the primary external push as a causal drive of a life of self-organizing systems led occurrence of special internal process, acting in the form of the stream circulating along the closed contour has been considered.

It as though some kind of a "conservated" portion of energy which the self-organizing system gradually spends during own limited life. The essence of a situation is evidently illustrated by a life of natural vortical foundation.

Secondly, constantly occurring internal exchange process forms in bowels of self-organizing systems the special internal environment with special properties in which there can be the special private world living by special rules, somewhat supplementing rules of external world. During the period of existence of self-organizing systems two these worlds, competing and supplementing each other, form a complex picture of its life. There is essentially new world outlook situation requiring balanced bilateral coverage and research from positions of the internal and external worlds.

The philosophical world already long since has intuitively reacted to this world outlook situation by means of dualism idea both a grandiose antagonism between a mechanicism and a vitalism, an autogenesis and an ectogenesis, a preformation and an epigenesis, a reductionism and an anti-reductionism, a subjectivism and an objectivism. Today we face to necessity to legalize positions of these doctrines in actual frameworks and, simultaneously, to raise the question about constructive synthesis of their representations as business concerns a phenomenon of simultaneous existence of self-organizing systems on a crossroads of the internal and external worlds.

So, instead of two militant one-sided tendentious positions concerning coverage and researches of self-organizing systems we should develop one united balanced complex position. The dialectics demands after for a long time issued thesis and the antithesis to carry out, at last, synthesis. The situation is actual for all kinds of self-organizing systems of any nature. Figuratively being expressed, the self-organizing system presents a place of a meeting or collision of the internal and external worlds, therefore for the interdisciplinary methodology of research of a situation would be suitable the name apantisics (from ancient Greek ἀπ-άντησις - a meeting, appointment, collision).

As a task of apantisics first of all means precise and of full weight definition of each concrete situation from positions of the internal and external worlds, then the subsequent constructive comparison of two these approaches and search of ways of their synthesis.

In an area of this interdisciplinary the approach, beyond the private sciences about lifeless (artificial) self-organizing systems, alive organisms and the person the philosophy of all these sciences in the widest context can be included. Certainly, the corresponding specific nuances in biology, the evolutionary doctrine, ethology, biophysics, anthropology, ecology, psychology, low, ethics, economy, pedagogics, sociology and cognitive sciences demands detailed consideration.

In any science from this group today it is possible to isolate without special work classes of the researches accenting either subjective aspects and interpretations, or objective, or problems of their interrelation. In particular, in the field of biological sciences quite precise thematic division into two basic researching an organism and environment finds out. Besides researches of various aspects of an exchange between an organism and environment - material, power, structural, information and sensual - are allocated in the special category.

Necessity of development of more correct representations for the evolutionary doctrine arises. The doctrine of Darwin providing for the influence of an environment plus casual mutations of genes as a basis of evolution, in a view of this complex approach appears too tendentiously as playing into hands of only one external factor. Obviously, for real completeness of a picture the theory of evolution should include, besides influence of factors of an environment, also consecutive historical self-development of the internal immanent beginning of an organism of the individual and the mechanism of hereditary fastening of acquired characters. Apantisics demands serious reconsideration of the theory of evolution.

The interest to an ecological problematics which has increased recently testifies to the ripened need to resolve or soften the accumulated antagonism between the person and an environment. In an economic science exists a special separation to the micro-economics researching various aspects of functioning of fine and large self-organizing economic subjects, and to the macroeconomics studying the general market laws. The area of a joint between them today is very actual and attracts attention of set of scientists: here a key to the decision such, in particular, problems, as strategy of a survival of economic subjects in conditions of a changing economic conjuncture and crises, the potential, admissible scales, forms and methods of state regulation of economy.

The modern pedagogics ascertains specific importance for process of coming-to-be of the person of two basic factors: individual natural inclinations and social programs of education and training. If mass-line methods of education and training, practiced earlier, were based on "objective" public requirements, today alongside with it receive the increasing distribution the individual forms bringing to a focus on subjective features of a developing pupil and a phenomenon of his activity.

It is possible to say, today on the agenda already there is a question on process of becoming a subjective and objective ontology, as relatively independent scientific disciplines. The researches devoted to the problems of development by the person of world around, in particular, to mutual relations of the person and environment, practice, mutual relations of a society and environment are called to throw the bridge between them.

The similar prospect opens, most likely, and before a science about knowledge. Its clear split into subjective and objective parts would allow ordering some of basic representations essentially. In particular, in our opinion, is all the bases to ascription a category of randomness and its derivatives (the probability, reliability, stochasticity, statistics) entirely and exclusively to the sphere of subjective gnosiology (epistemology), as useful representation, derived by human thinking about the characteristic of a place of a joint of two worlds, as interpretation of specific effect of a meeting of the finite world of the person with the infinite world of the external nature. Accordingly all theories and the doctrines working with this category must to rank precisely at sphere of subjective gnosiology. Thus it is necessary to clear sphere of objective gnosiology (epistemology) which should be strictly characterized as a zone of an absolute determinism (in the spirit of Laplace) from presence of this category.

To the sphere of objective gnosiology (epistemology) would be correctly refer Kantian "transcendent objects" or “things in itself”, and thus it is necessary to refer to sphere of subjective gnosiology (epistemology) Kantian "phenomena" and the “transcendental” world of the person.

The active combination and synthesis of the representations given by introspection (reflection) and external supervision in sciences about the person opens real prospect of reconciliation of subjectivism and an objectivism and their connection in general, aimed on synthesis, doctrine.

The present period in development of a philosophical ideas is characterized by heightened interest for details and process of interaction, interference and interconsistency of a private world of the person with an external world surrounding him. So process of above-mentioned complex research are goes at this point already for a long time, but truth to tell, while only at a level of primary supervision and the elementary generalizations. It is necessary still a hard and not close way which as a result can allow philosophies to rise on a level of united constructive and universal system of representations.

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References:

1. Rudenko A.P. Self-organizing and Synergetics. The Electronic Internet-resource in Russian. http://utc.uni-dubna.ru/~mazny/students/site2/ideal_2.htm

2. Kalmykov R.B. Ring Determinism Solves Problems of Scientific Materialism. The Electronic Internet-resource. http://gsjournal.net/physics/kalmykov3.pdf