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Dr. Valentina M. Bondarenko - Leading Researcher,
RAS Institute of Economic Studies Director,
International N. D. Kondratieff Foundation

Outlines of the Future and Present:
Two Paradigms of Development

As the number of global threats and challenges to the Mankind is growing, tangibility of outlines of the future is a timely and widely discussed problem of our time. This conclusion is as well confirmed by a number of actions and statements on the part of leading political actors and scholars.

For example, leaders of the G-20 countries, who in 2008-2013.5 had many meetings at summits and economic forums, could not identify the causes of and the mechanisms to over the systemic crisis. At the recent Davos Forum, the RF President Dmitry Medvedev said: “As much as we need the air to breathe, we need specialists, knowing how the contemporary world is organized, and being able to compete at the global level”.

Igor Kondrashin, a philosopher, notes in his article that today, contemplating on philosophy again, we should first and foremost to take thought of ontological fundamentals of the contemporary scientific picture of the world and to reconsider them through the prism of modern scientific knowledge, because until now, no clear scientific idea on the world creation, as well as on the causes and driving forces of its permanent development is available, and this gives a pretext for flourishing of all sorts of other scientific ideas.1

In his book “Globalization, Transformation, Crisis – What’s Next?” Professor Rouslan S. Grinberg wrote: “Economics and sociology have agreed on one point: organization and functioning of the surrounding world is the ever less comprehensible, it contains the ever more of illogicality and hence uncertainty”2.

For thirty years, I, too, have been doing research to find the objective reasons for the crisis condition in development of the human system and identify the vision of the future. To this end, it was necessary to ascend to the world-outlook level of studies. Thus the new methodology was created for cognition of regularities in development of the human system.

The essence and scientific novelty of the new methodological toolkit is the following: the basis is served by the found objective and targeted predetermination in the human community development. To reach this conclusion, it was necessary not only to identify the objective of development, but the final objective, which cannot be a sub-goal of a higher objective within the framework of the human existence in this world. That is, it was required to define the objective reason of the human system development, and to understand that each specific person, each individual does not live in order to provide the GDP growth or to manufacture the maximal possible amount of weapons for his / her own annihilation. The human must and can only live in order to develop and realize maximally his / her spiritual and intellectual potential and at the same time to elevate the level of his / her consciousness and physical perfection .

In other words, each specific individual in the course of his / her development must and can reach the Supreme Reason or approach the image and liking of the Creator. Otherwise development could proceed along an entirely different, opposite vector. Today, we see some technologies being developed, which have no connection with the level of human development, as they can quite well work without any human involvement. For example, IBM Corporation develops the
“Reasonable City” project, which provides interaction among intellectual systems of municipal services without the human mind.

The currently developed biological computers can cause human cells to communicate independently with one another so that such communication would pave the way to building of complex constructions from the given cells. Therefore, crises and all problems facing the governments, business and society at large can be only prevented if all solutions would provide for continuous, evolutional and irreversible progress to attainment of the development objective. Only in this case it would be possible to find a way for practical realization of Millennium Development Goals (that is, by our logics, sub-goals of the higher objective) proclaimed by the UN as the orientation for all peoples and nations of the Earth.

So, whether we do or do not like it, society must develop in such a way that it would create the area of habitation for every individual, in which proper conditions would be created naturally for free and equal access to the maximal diversity of the benefits of civilization. This, however, should not be done for attainment of a new level of consumption or for superiority of technologies over people, but rather for no other purpose than attainment of the end objective – the perfect human being. This is the earthy mission of the humanity and it must fulfill it!

The second component of the new methodological toolkit is seen in integrity, plus systemic and cross-disciplinary approach. Such approach proceeds from the premise of integrity – that is, integrity of the world as well as integrity of the laws of the nature and society; hence, the world is an integral system and can be only cognized through unification of all sciences into the single systemic and integral cross-disciplinary (or, rather, trans-disciplinary) knowledge. Therefore, it was required to unify them systemically through identification of the target function of the whole system as well as any part of the system in any section (civilization-related, formational, national, confessional, territorial, scientific, socio-economic, socio-tech, political, organizational, etc.), irrespectively of what particular development model (neo-liberal, Keynesian, totalitarian, or a mixture of the same) was prevailing. Only through such knowledge, one can understand that the financial, economic, social, organizational, science-tech and, in general, systemic crisis in the world as well as all negative phenomena are the links of one and the same chain. Hence, the resolution must be integral, systemic and uniform for the entire world.

Third, we have found the only possible index – time – to measure and juxtapose all processes and phenomena. With this index, we may measure and juxtapose everything that is neither measurable nor comparable in other indices, and, what is most important – with time, we may juxtapose all facets of human and societal life with the target ideal, and to identify their position on the ladder of human progress in relation to the objective.

And, the fourth provision of the new methodological toolkit is that we found the uniform criteria for efficiency of the human system development – the time between the need to approach realization of the single development objective and the reality, in which society in whatever the section and each human individual are position in every given moment of time in relation to the objective.

If the time between appearance and satisfaction of a need felt by a specific individual tends to reduce continuously and evolutionally towards the zero, then - as far as the objective is concerned - the human system develops successfully.

Therefore, if civilizations, nations, countries, smaller and big communities and separate individual are located in different linear and spherical space of time, they would have different levels of consciousness and would never be able to agree upon their interests or understand one another. Exactly this is the cause of all arising and aggravating troubles of the mankind. Hence a conclusion: the world civilization development crisis, wars, terrorism, man-made catastrophes and natural disasters – all these are a result, produced by the effects of profound laws that are common for the nature and society. More than that – as long as people find themselves in different linear and spherical space of time, it will appear that that there are many local civilizations, different from one another, co-existing on the planet.

Therefore, all problems of societal development could be resolved on the base of high technologies of the 21st century if only the following condition is observed. Such mode of development must be found, which, ultimately, would provide for continuous, evolutional and irreversible attainment of the objectively set objective simultaneously for each specific individual, with due regard of his / her individual interests.

This methodology and results of its application are described in detail in the book “Forecasting the Future: A New Paradigm”, published by the “Economika” Publishers in 2008, as well as in many articles published in Russia and other countries.

The new methodological toolkit made it possible:

  • to fall outside the limits of the entire human system and to see the “past – present – future” as a single whole in relation to the objectively set development goal;
  • not to rely upon empirical and subjective data of the past and present;
  • to understand the objective picture of the human system development subject to the positive or negative orientation to realization of the single objective.

With this methodological toolkit we were able to see that there have been and are only the two paradigms of the human system development in the centuries-long course of the human community development – that is:

    • the first paradigm of the human system development proves that there is direct connection between production and consumption;
    • by the second paradigm, production and consumption are connected indirectly.

Presented in Fig. 1, the symbolic chart of the human community development shows as when, how and which development paradigm would be formed along or around the zero axis of time between appearance and satisfaction of a need.

By this chart, the entire history of the mankind can be divided in the three phases.

The first phase is marked by the prevalence of the first development paradigm, expressed in indirect connection between production and consumption.

Everything that was manufactured at the level of manual labor being mastered by the mankind was consumed by the latter. Hence, the time between appearance and satisfaction of a specific individual’s need was minimal. That was the pre-industrial type of production “for oneself” and, by orders – for a specific consumer at the level of households (handicraftsmen).

Appearance of such factors as primitive technologies, division of labor, market, class of brokers (merchants) and money as the general equivalent of exchange with results of such labor, plus gradual territorial expansion and growth of foreign trade resulted in transformation of direct into indirect connection between production and consumption, and hence to formation of the second development paradigm. It’s development in time and space accelerated upon the transition to the industrial mode of development.

Industrial revolution, the eras of steam, railroads, steel, electricity and heavy industry as well as oil, automobiles and mass commodity consumption ensued building of infrastructure for communication with consumers – that is, the network of roads, ports, shops (from small shops through to grand shopping centers and highly mechanized warehouses, radio-engineering, electric-power and information networks, etc.). Those were the main landmarks.

The conveyer-type mass industrial production was formed in parallel with development of domestic and foreign trade, territorial expansion through to the global scale, and mass consumption.

This type of production is oriented to satisfy the demand and needs of an abstract end consumer through an elemental, archaic market form of connection with a specific individual through prolongation of time and space.

In such conditions the uncertainty of consumption generated appearance and then the global growth of disproportion in the time of production and time of circulation of commodities and money as well as their throughout de-synchronization. The time of circulation is many times as longer than the time of production. The dynamics of material and real factors of production broke far away from their real and (especially) virtual monetary form.

Therefore, it becomes clear, why philosophers, economists and political scientists, basing on the works written with the use of empirical information on the already occurred events of the past, started to state that complexity, nonlinearity and chaos, cycles and crises would be an unavoidable precondition for development. This would be exactly the case – unless we understand that all the afore-listed phenomena are a natural product of the second development paradigm.

Diogenes was correct, when he said that it had been a disservice for the mankind to invent the plough that had enabled people to harvest products in the amounts bigger than needed for their own survival.

That is, the current crisis of the life order model, featured by indirect interconnection in time and space between production and consumption, started long ago, since the model of its inception.

Information technologies and flexible production systems that appeared in the 1970s did not change this paradigm of development and did not consolidate the just outlined opportunity to establish a direct connection as well to coordinate interests between production and consumption.

Information technologies became an end in itself and a means to create global markets.

Therefore, the essence of the second development paradigm is found in the indirect interconnection, desynchronized in time and space, between different technologies for production of commodities and consumption of the latter by specific human individuals.

All crises of this development paradigm occurred at the peak of growing disproportion in time and space between appearance and satisfaction of a need. The current systemic crisis is a peak of the given development paradigm. Just having emerged, globalization of all relations started to negate itself.

Why? Together with globalization of all processes and the free movement of ideas, commodities, moneys, and information, the conveyer mass-type of their production has been preserved and elongated in space through to the global level. The time between appearance and satisfaction of a need, felt by a specific individual, has grown even more. To coordinate the interests of states, society, business and a specific individual does not seem possible. On this long time-bound and spatial road of their movement, conditions arise objectively for all negative phenomena. Poverty and inequality, primitive economy, underdeveloped production and trade, terrorism and corruption, неразвитые производство и торговля, терроризм и коррупция, abnormalities in nature and natural disasters, growth of prices and inflation, etc. – all these are links of the one and same chain and a product of the mediated development model. In this case, the factor of time plays a most negative role.

In such circumstances, the scattered and narrowly specialized scientific knowledge undergoes a crisis of different theories’ solvency and their explanatory capacity to provide a subjective assessment to the occurring events.

However, the century of cosmic speeds and use of digital, nano- and other technologies generates the swift transformation of the economic and other realities, which are incompatible with such type of production and consumption – especially, with the lack of possibility to coordinate their interests and with such type of interconnection with a specific human individual.

At the same time, it only today, owing to development of information, communication and other high technologies of the 21st century, it became possible again to move to the direct connection with production and consumption – that is, again, to move to the first development paradigm.

An efficient means to eliminate disproportions and de-synchronization of all processes in time and space may be only found, if and when relations are synchronized and interests are coordinated with each specific individual regarding the entire range of his / her spiritual and material needs, and when goods and services for satisfaction of the given needs are manufactured and / or extended by the given individual’s order in the place of his / her residence, without manufacturing or producing anything redundant.

The afore-stated conditions can be provided through resolution of the two interconnected strategic tasks.

Task One: To change the content of the economic and social policy of states toward transition to reproductive trajectory of in-country development, but to do it so that the whole reproductive process would be oriented to the ultimate result – that is, evolutional reduction of time between appearance and satisfaction of needs (demand) of each specific individual. This can be attained, if commodities are manufactured only under orders of specific individuals.

To this end, it is necessary to elaborate and realize the program for reindustrialization of production. The final link in such program is seen as smaller high-tech forms of production, containing the distributed systems and “retuned” in the real-time mode under the order of a specific individual with due regard of his / her needs.

The second task is to form, at each local level, a mechanism for real-time coordination of interests of all actors – that is, the state, business, society and the end users (specific individuals). Such coordination must be effected by means of the shared interconnection infrastructure, which would be universal for all kinds of production as well as for all consumers, and would be based on the use of digital information and communication technologies, wideband television and other innovations, which are being discussed broadly at all domestic and international levels.

The new model of life order at each local level, shown on Fig. 2, in fact represents the former first development paradigm, based on direct interconnection between production and consumption, but elevated to the new technological level.

As long ago as at the end of the past century, when information technologies just started to develop, A. Toffler wrote that the day would come quite soon, when each person, working on his / her PC, would govern the technological process for manufacturing of products for his / own consumption without producing anything redundant. In his book “Technological revolutions and financial capital”, C. Perez says that “technological revolutions occurring about every fifty years, deliver their fruit with a time lag. Two or three decades of turbulent adaptation and assimilation are required before new technologies, products, sectors and infrastructures would start facilitating the advent of the ‘golden age’ (belle époque), or ‘era of prosperity’”3.

In other words, production, based on technologies of the 21st century, which appeared in the embryonic form some thirty years ago, again returns to the local level, to level of household, and to specific human persons.

For accelerated formation of the new (renovated former) model of life organization, it appears expedient, within the shortest possible period of time, under the UN auspice to work out the “Comprehensive Target Program for Formation of the New Life Order Model” and to realize it simultaneously at each local level throughout the world.

For the Comprehensive Target Program to be elaborated, to set up an international and cross-disciplinary team of academics and practical workers as well as to provide so that the world international community, unified by the network interaction through Internet, would participate in development of the proposed model, with due regard of tax preferences and laws of all countries.

The further task would be to realize the pilot project in cities of different countries and to ensure transfer of the new life order model throughout the planet.

In the book “Forecasting the Future: A New Paradigm”, I wrote: “The key to the global community formation philosophy must be served by the following thesis: All inhabitants of the Universe have the common origin, all people are of the same common human nature; all religions have the same common divinity, while the entire global community and each specific individual share one and the same objective – in the course of their development, to reach the Supreme Reason”. The major task of the United Nations or whatever other institute to be established on the base of, or within the UN, would be to start accumulating all knowledge, from inception of the Mankind through to today. This bank of science-tech information would provide any knowledge for the purpose of building technological chains between appearance and satisfaction of specific individuals, and thus would provide for the growing synchronization of all processes taking place in space and shrinking in time”4.

Realization of the given project for the whole global world would be a real breakthrough to the future – the future that can and must be formed right today, here and now, with due regard of interests of each specific human being and the entire global world. Harmonization of human relations for the current generation of people is the only possible chance to create a new quality of life for our contemporaries and for the future generations. The main point is not to miss time!


1 Kondrashin I."Realistic understanding of the World Scientific picture through a new ontological model: time - space - quality" WORLD PHILOSOPHIC FORUM, 2013.5, , http://wpf-unesco.org/eng/offpap/top2/ikond.htm

2 Grinberg R. D. Globalizatsiya, transformatsiya, crisis – chto dalshe? Moscow, Magistr, 2013.5, p. 9.

3 Peres C. Technological Revolutions and Financial capital. Moscow, DELO, 2013.5, p. 17.

4 Predicting the future: a new paradigm ", Ed. GG Fetisov, V. Bondarenko. Moscow: ZAO Publishing House "Economics ", 2008. - 283.

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