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Secular Humanist Declaration
Issued in 1980 by
The Council for Democratic and Secular Humanism
(now the Council for Secular Humanism)
Contents
Introduction
Secular humanism is a vital force in the contemporary world. It is now under
unwarranted and intemperate attack from various quarters. This declaration defends only
that form of secular humanism which is explicitly committed to democracy. It is opposed to
all varieties of belief that seek supernatural sanction for their values or espouse rule
by dictatorship.
Democratic secular humanism has been a powerful force in world culture. Its ideals can
be traced to the philosophers, scientists, and poets of classical Greece and Rome, to
ancient Chinese Confucian society, to the Carvaka movement of India, and to other
distinguished intellectual and moral traditions. Secularism and humanism were eclipsed in
Europe during the Dark Ages, when religious piety eroded humankind's confidence in its own
powers to solve human problems. They reappeared in force during the Renaissance with the
reassertion of secular and humanist values in literature and the arts, again in the
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries with the development of modern science and a
naturalistic view of the universe, and their influence can be found in the eighteenth
century in the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment.
Democratic secular humanism has creatively flowered in modern times with the growth of
freedom and democracy. Countless millions of thoughtful persons have espoused secular
humanist ideals, have lived significant lives, and have contributed to the building of a
more humane and democratic world. The modern secular humanist outlook has led to the
application of science and technology to the improvement of the human condition. This has
had a positive effect on reducing poverty, suffering, and disease in various parts of the
world, in extending longevity, on improving transportation and communication, and in
making the good life possible for more and more people. It has led to the emancipation of
hundreds of millions of people from the exercise of blind faith and fears of superstition
and has contributed to their education and the enrichment of their lives.
Secular humanism has provided an impetus for humans to solve their problems with
intelligence and perseverance, to conquer geographic and social frontiers, and to extend
the range of human exploration and adventure. Regrettably, we are today faced with a
variety of antisecularist trends: the reappearance of dogmatic authoritarian religions;
fundamentalist, literalist, and doctrinaire Christianity; a rapidly growing and
uncompromising Moslem clericalism in the Middle East and Asia; the reassertion of orthodox
authority by the Roman Catholic papal hierarchy; nationalistic religious Judaism; and the
reversion to obscurantist religions in Asia.
New cults of unreason as well as bizarre paranormal and occult beliefs, such as belief
in astrology, reincarnation, and the mysterious power of alleged psychics, are growing in
many Western societies. These disturbing developments follow in the wake of the emergence
in the earlier part of the twentieth century of intolerant messianic and totalitarian
quasi religious movements, such as fascism and communism. These religious activists not
only are responsible for much of the terror and violence in the world today but stand in
the way of solutions to the world's most serious problems.
Paradoxically, some of the critics of secular humanism maintain that it is a dangerous
philosophy. Some assert that it is "morally corrupting" because it is committed
to individual freedom, others that it condones "injustice" because it defends
democratic due process. We who support democratic secular humanism deny such charges,
which are based upon misunderstanding and misinterpretation, and we seek to outline a set
of principles that most of us share.
Secular humanism is not a dogma or a creed. There are wide differences of opinion among
secular humanists on many issues. Nevertheless, there is a loose consensus with respect to
several propositions. We are apprehensive that modern civilization is threatened by forces
antithetical to reason, democracy, and freedom. Many religious believers will no doubt
share with us a belief in many secular humanist and democratic values, and we welcome
their joining with us in the defense of these ideals.
- Free Inquiry
The first principle of
democratic secular humanism is its commitment to free inquiry. We oppose any tyranny over
the mind of man, any efforts by ecclesiastical, political, ideological, or social
institutions to shackle free thought. In the past, such tyrannies have been directed by
churches and states attempting to enforce the edicts of religious bigots. In the long
struggle in the history of ideas, established institutions, both public and private, have
attempted to censor inquiry, to impose orthodoxy on beliefs and values, and to
excommunicate heretics and extirpate unbelievers. Today, the struggle for free inquiry has
assumed new forms. Sectarian ideologies have become the new theologies that use political
parties and governments in their mission to crush dissident opinion. Free inquiry entails
recognition of civil liberties as integral to its pursuit, that is, a free press, freedom
of communication, the right to organize opposition parties and to join voluntary
associations, and freedom to cultivate and publish the fruits of scientific,
philosophical, artistic, literary, moral and religious freedom. Free inquiry requires that
we tolerate diversity of opinion and that we respect the right of individuals to express
their beliefs, however unpopular they may be, without social or legal prohibition or fear
of sanctions. Though we may tolerate contrasting points of view, this does not mean that
they are immune to critical scrutiny. The guiding premise of those who believe in free
inquiry is that truth is more likely to be discovered if the opportunity exists for the
free exchange of opposing opinions; the process of interchange is frequently as important
as the result. This applies not only to science and to everyday life, but to politics,
economics, morality, and religion. - Separation Of Church And State
Because of
their commitment to freedom, secular humanists believe in the principle of the separation
of church and state. The lessons of history are clear: wherever one religion or ideology
is established and given a dominant position in the state, minority opinions are in
jeopardy. A pluralistic, open democratic society allows all points of view to be heard.
Any effort to impose an exclusive conception of Truth, Piety, Virtue, or Justice upon the
whole of society is a violation of free inquiry. Clerical authorities should not be
permitted to legislate their own parochial views - whether moral, philosophical,
political, educational, or social - for the rest of society. Nor should tax revenues be
exacted for the benefit or support of sectarian religious institutions. Individuals and
voluntary associations should be free to accept or not to accept any belief and to support
these convictions with whatever resources they may have, without being compelled by
taxation to contribute to those religious faiths with which they do not agree. Similarly,
church properties should share in the burden of public revenues and should not be exempt
from taxation. Compulsory religious oaths and prayers in public institutions (political or
educational) are also a violation of the separation principle. Today, nontheistic as well
as theistic religions compete for attention. Regrettably, in communist countries, the
power of the state is being used to impose an ideological doctrine on the society, without
tolerating the expression of dissenting or heretical views. Here we see a modern secular
version of the violation of the separation principle.
- The Ideal Of Freedom
There are many forms of
totalitarianism in the modern world - secular and nonsecular - all of which we vigorously
oppose. As democratic secularists, we consistently defend the ideal of freedom, not only
freedom of conscience and belief from those ecclesiastical, political, and economic
interests that seek to repress them, but genuine political liberty, democratic decision
making based upon majority rule, and respect for minority rights and the rule of law. We
stand not only for freedom from religious control but for freedom from jingoistic
government control as well. We are for the defense of basic human rights, including the
right to protect life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. In our view, a free society
should also encourage some measure of economic freedom, subject only to such restrictions
as are necessary in the public interest. This means that individuals and groups should be
able to compete in the marketplace, organize free trade unions, and carry on their
occupations and careers without undue interference by centralized political control. The
right to private property is a human right without which other rights are nugatory. Where
it is necessary to limit any of these rights in a democracy, the limitation should be
justified in terms of its consequences in strengthening the entire structure of human
rights.
- Ethics Based On Critical Intelligence
The moral
views of secular humanism have been subjected to criticism by religious fundamentalist
theists. The secular humanist recognizes the central role of morality in human life;
indeed, ethics was developed as a branch of human knowledge long before religionists
proclaimed their moral systems based upon divine authority. The field of ethics has had a
distinguished list of thinkers contributing to its development: from Socrates, Democritus,
Aristotle, Epicurus, and Epictetus, to Spinoza, Erasmus, Hume, Voltaire, Kant, Bentham,
Mill, G. E. Moore, Bertrand Russell, John Dewey, and others. There is an influential
philosophical tradition that maintains that ethics is an autonomous field of inquiry, that
ethical judgments can be formulated independently of revealed religion, and that human
beings can cultivate practical reason and wisdom and, by its application, achieve lives of
virtue and excellence. Moreover, philosophers have emphasized the need to cultivate an
appreciation for the requirements of social justice and for an individual's obligations
and responsibilities toward others. Thus, secularists deny that morality needs to be
deduced from religious belief or that those who do not espouse a religious doctrine are
immoral. For secular humanists, ethical conduct is, or should be, judged by critical
reason, and their goal is to develop autonomous and responsible individuals, capable of
making their own choices in life based upon an understanding of human behavior. Morality
that is not God-based need not be antisocial, subjective, or promiscuous, nor need it lead
to the breakdown of moral standards. Although we believe in tolerating diverse lifestyles
and social manners, we do not think they are immune to criticism. Nor do we believe that
any one church should impose its views of moral virtue and sin, sexual conduct, marriage,
divorce, birth control, or abortion, or legislate them for the rest of society. As secular
humanists we believe in the central importance of the value of human happiness here and
now. We are opposed to absolutist morality, yet we maintain that objective standards
emerge, and ethical values and principles may be discovered, in the course of ethical
deliberation. Secular humanist ethics maintains that it is possible for human beings to
lead meaningful and wholesome lives for themselves and in service to their fellow human
beings without the need of religious commandments or the benefit of clergy. There have
been any number of distinguished secularists and humanists who have demonstrated moral
principles in their personal lives and works: Protagoras, Lucretius, Epicurus, Spinoza,
Hume, Thomas Paine, Diderot, Mark Twain, George Eliot, John Stuart Mill, Ernest Renan,
Charles Darwin, Thomas Edison, Clarence Darrow, Robert Ingersoll, Gilbert Murray, Albert
Schweitzer, Albert Einstein, Max Born, Margaret Sanger, and Bertrand Russell, among
others.
- Moral Education
We believe that moral
development should be cultivated in children and young adults. We do not believe that any
particular sect can claim important values as their exclusive property; hence it is the
duty of public education to deal with these values. Accordingly, we support moral
education in the schools that is designed to develop an appreciation for moral virtues,
intelligence, and the building of character. We wish to encourage wherever possible the
growth of moral awareness and the capacity for free choice and an understanding of the
consequences thereof. We do not think it is moral to baptize infants, to confirm
adolescents, or to impose a religious creed on young people before they are able to
consent. Although children should learn about the history of religious moral practices,
these young minds should not be indoctrinated in a faith before they are mature enough to
evaluate the merits for themselves. It should be noted that secular humanism is not so
much a specific morality as it is a method for the explanation and discovery of rational
moral principles.
- Religious Skepticism
As secular humanists,
we are generally skeptical about supernatural claims. We recognize the importance of
religious experience: that experience that redirects and gives meaning to the lives of
human beings. We deny, however, that such experiences have anything to do with the
supernatural. We are doubtful of traditional views of God and divinity. Symbolic and
mythological interpretations of religion often serve as rationalizations for a
sophisticated minority, leaving the bulk of mankind to flounder in theological confusion.
We consider the universe to be a dynamic scene of natural forces that are most effectively
understood by scientific inquiry. We are always open to the discovery of new possibilities
and phenomena in nature. However. we find that traditional views of the existence of God
either are meaningless, have not yet been demonstrated to be true, or are tyrannically
exploitative. Secular humanists may be agnostics, atheists, rationalists, or skeptics, but
they find insufficient evidence for the claim that some divine purpose exists for the
universe. They reject the idea that God has intervened miraculously in history or revealed
himself to a chosen few or that he can save or redeem sinners. They believe that men and
women are free and are responsible for their own destinies and that they cannot look
toward some transcendent Being for salvation. We reject the divinity of Jesus, the divine
mission of Moses, Mohammed, and other latter day prophets and saints of the various sects
and denominations. We do not accept as true the literal interpretation of the Old and New
Testaments, the Koran, or other allegedly sacred religious documents, however important
they may be as literature. Religions are pervasive sociological phenomena, and religious
myths have long persisted in human history. In spite of the fact that human beings have
found religions to be uplifting and a source of solace, we do not find their theological
claims to be true. Religions have made negative as well as positive contributions toward
the development of human civilization. Although they have helped to build hospitals and
schools and, at their best, have encouraged the spirit of love and charity, many have also
caused human suffering by being intolerant of those who did not accept their dogmas or
creeds. Some religions have been fanatical and repressive, narrowing human hopes, limiting
aspirations, and precipitating religious wars and violence. While religions have no doubt
offered comfort to the bereaved and dying by holding forth the promise of an immortal
life, they have also aroused morbid fear and dread. We have found no convincing evidence
that there is a separable "soul" or that it exists before birth or survives
death. We must therefore conclude that the ethical life can be lived without the illusions
of immortality or reincarnation. Human beings can develop the self confidence necessary to
ameliorate the human condition and to lead meaningful, productive lives.
- Reason
We view with concern the current attack
by nonsecularists on reason and science. We are committed to the use of the rational
methods of inquiry, logic, and evidence in developing knowledge and testing claims to
truth. Since human beings are prone to err, we are open to the modification of all
principles, including those governing inquiry, believing that they may be in need of
constant correction. Although not so naive as to believe that reason and science can
easily solve all human problems, we nonetheless contend that they can make a major
contribution to human knowledge and can be of benefit to humankind. We know of no better
substitute for the cultivation of human intelligence.
- Science And Technology
We believe the
scientific method, though imperfect, is still the most reliable way of understanding the
world. Hence, we look to the natural, biological, social, and behavioral sciences for
knowledge of the universe and man's place within it. Modern astronomy and physics have
opened up exciting new dimensions of the universe: they have enabled humankind to explore
the universe by means of space travel. Biology and the social and behavioral sciences have
expanded our understanding of human behavior. We are thus opposed in principle to any
efforts to censor or limit scientific research without an overriding reason to do so.
While we are aware of, and oppose, the abuses of misapplied technology and its possible
harmful consequences for the natural ecology of the human environment, we urge resistance
to unthinking efforts to limit technological or scientific advances. We appreciate the
great benefits that science and technology (especially basic and applied research) can
bring to humankind, but we also recognize the need to balance scientific and technological
advances with cultural explorations in art, music, and literature.
- Evolution
Today the theory of evolution is
again under heavy attack by religious fundamentalists. Although the theory of evolution
cannot be said to have reached its final formulation, or to be an infallible principle of
science, it is nonetheless supported impressively by the findings of many sciences. There
may be some significant differences among scientists concerning the mechanics of
evolution; yet the evolution of the species is supported so strongly by the weight of
evidence that it is difficult to reject it. Accordingly, we deplore the efforts by
fundamentalists (especially in the United States) to invade the science classrooms,
requiring that creationist theory be taught to students and requiring that it be included
in biology textbooks. This is a serious threat both to academic freedom and to the
integrity of the educational process. We believe that creationists surely should have the
freedom to express their viewpoint in society. Moreover, we do not deny the value of
examining theories of creation in educational courses on religion and the history of
ideas; but it is a sham to mask an article of religious faith as a scientific truth and to
inflict that doctrine on the scientific curriculum. If successful, creationists may
seriously undermine the credibility of science itself.
- Education
In our view, education should be
the essential method of building humane, free, and democratic societies. The aims of
education are many: the transmission of knowledge; training for occupations, careers, and
democratic citizenship; and the encouragement of moral growth. Among its vital purposes
should also be an attempt to develop the capacity for critical intelligence in both the
individual and the community. Unfortunately, the schools are today being increasingly
replaced by the mass media as the primary institutions of public information and
education. Although the electronic media provide unparalleled opportunities for extending
cultural enrichment and enjoyment, and powerful learning opportunities, there has been a
serious misdirection of their purposes. In totalitarian societies, the media serve as the
vehicle of propaganda and indoctrination. In democratic societies television, radio,
films, and mass publishing too often cater to the lowest common denominator and have
become banal wastelands. There is a pressing need to elevate standards of taste and
appreciation. Of special concern to secularists is the fact that the media (particularly
in the United States) are inordinately dominated by a pro religious bias. The views of
preachers, faith healers, and religious hucksters go largely unchallenged, and the secular
outlook is not given an opportunity for a fair hearing. We believe that television
directors and producers have an obligation to redress the balance and revise their
programming. Indeed, there is a broader task that all those who believe in democratic
secular humanist values will recognize, namely, the need to embark upon a long term
program of public education and enlightenment concerning the relevance of the secular
outlook to the human condition.
Conclusion
Democratic secular humanism is too important for human civilization to abandon.
Reasonable persons will surely recognize its profound contributions to human welfare. We
are nevertheless surrounded by doomsday prophets of disaster, always wishing to turn the
clock back - they are anti science, anti freedom, anti human. In contrast, the secular
humanistic outlook is basically melioristic, looking forward with hope rather than
backward with despair. We are committed to extending the ideals of reason, freedom,
individual and collective opportunity, and democracy throughout the world community. The
problems that humankind will face in the future, as in the past, will no doubt be complex
and difficult. However, if it is to prevail, it can only do so by enlisting
resourcefulness and courage. Secular humanism places trust in human intelligence rather
than in divine guidance. Skeptical of theories of redemption, damnation, and
reincarnation, secular humanists attempt to approach the human situation in realistic
terms: human beings are responsible for their own destinies. We believe that it is
possible to bring about a more humane world, one based upon the methods of reason and the
principles of tolerance, compromise, and the negotiations of difference.
We recognize the need for intellectual modesty and the willingness to revise beliefs in
the light of criticism. Thus consensus is sometimes attainable. While emotions are
important, we need not resort to the panaceas of salvation, to escape through illusion, or
to some desperate leap toward passion and violence. We deplore the growth of intolerant
sectarian creeds that foster hatred. In a world engulfed by obscurantism and irrationalism
it is vital that the ideals of the secular city not be lost.
A Secular Humanist Declaration was drafted by Paul Kurtz (USA), Editor of "Free Inquiry".
A Secular Humanist Declaration has been endorsed by the following individuals:
(Although we who endorse this declaration may not agree with all its specific
provisions, we nevertheless support its general purposes and direction and believe that it
is important that they be enunciated and implemented. We call upon all men and women of
good will who agree with us to join in helping to keep alive the commitment to the
principles of free inquiry and the secular humanist outlook. We submit that the decline of
these values could have ominous implications for the future of civilization on this
planet.)
United States Of America
- George Abell (professor of astronomy, UCLA)
- John Anton (professor of philosophy, Emory University)
- Khoren Arisian (minister, First Unitarian Society of Minneapolis)
- Isaac Asimov (science fiction author)
- Paul Beattie (minister, All Souls Unitarian Church; president, Fellowship of
Religious Humanism)
- H. James Birx (professor of anthropology and sociology, Canisius College)
- Brand Blanshard (professor emeritus of philosophy, Yale)
- Joseph L. Blau (Profelsor Emeritus of Religion, Columbia)
- Francis Crick (Nobel Prize Laureate, Salk Institute)
- Arthur Danto (professor of philosophy, Columbia University)
- Albert Ellis (executive director, Institute for Rational Emotive Therapy)
- Roy Fairfield (former professor of social science, Antioch)
- Herbert Feigl (professor emeritus of philosophy, University of Minnesota)
- Joseph Fletcher (theologian, University of Virginia Medical School)
- Sidney Hook (professor emeritus of philosophy, NYU, fellow at Hoover Institute)
- George Hourani (professor of philosophy, State University of New York at Buffalo)
- Walter Kaufmann (professor of philosophy, Princeton)
- Marvin Kohl (professor of philosophy, medical ethics, State University of New York at
Fredonia)
- Richard Kostelanetz (writer, artist, critic)
- Paul Kurtz (Professor of Philosophy, State University of New York at Buffalo)
- Joseph Margolis (professor of philosophy, Temple University)
- Floyd Matson (professor of American Studies, University of Hawaii)
- Ernest Nagel (professor emeritus of philosophy, Columbia)
- Lee Nisbet (associate professor of philosophy, Medaille)
- George Olincy (lawyer)
- Virginia Olincy
- W. V. Quine (professor of philosophy, Harvard University)
- Robert Rimmer (novelist)
- Herbert Schapiro (Freedom from Religion Foundation)
- Herbert Schneider (professor emeritus of philosophy, Claremont College)
- B. F. Skinner (professor emeritus of psychology, Harvard)
- Gordon Stein (editor, The American Rationalist)
- George Tomashevich (professor of anthropology, Buffalo State University College)
- Valentin Turchin (Russian dissident; computer scientist, City College, City
University of New York)
- Sherwin Wine (rabbi, Birmingham Temple, founder, Society for Humanistic Judaism)
- Marvin Zimmerman (professor of philosophy, State University of New York at Buffalo)
Canada
- Henry Morgentaler (physician, Montreal)
- Kai Nielsen (professor of philosophy, University of Calgary)
France
- Yves Galifret (executive director, Union Rationaliste)
- Jean Claude Pecker (professor of astrophysics, College de France, Academie des
Sciences)
Great Britain
- Sir A.J. Ayer (professor of philosophy, Oxford University)
- H.J. Blackham (former chairman, Social Morality Council and British Humanist
Association)
- Bernard Crick (professor of politics, Birkbeck College, London University)
- Sir Raymond Firth (professor emeritus of anthropology, University of London)
- James Herrick (editor, The Free Thinker)
- Zheres A. Medvedev (Russian dissident; Medical Research Council)
- Dora Russell (Mrs. Bertrand Russell) (author)
- Lord Ritchie Calder (president, Rationalist Press Association)
- Harry Stopes-Roe (senior lecturer in science studies, University of Birmingham;
chairman, British Humanist Association)
- Nicholas Walter (editor, New Humanist)
- Baroness Barbara Wootton (Deputy Speaker, House of Lords)
India
- B. Shah (president, Indian Secular Society; director, Institute for the Study of
Indian Traditions)
- V. M. Tarkunde (Supreme Court Judge, chairman, Indian Radical Humanist Association)
Israel
- Shulamit Aloni (lawyer, member of Knesset, head of Citizens Rights Movement)
Norway
- Alastair Hannay (professor of philosophy, University of Trondheim)
Yugoslavia
- Milovan Djilas (author, former vice-president of Yugoslavia)
- M. Markovic (professor of philosophy, Serbian Academy of Sciences & Arts and
University of Belgrade)
- Svet. Stojanovic (professor of philosophy, University of Belgrade)
The Secular Humanist Declaration is open for endorsements for those who wish to do it now.Those who endorsed it later are:
Russia
- Valery Kuvakin (professor of philosophy, Moscow State Lomonosov University, President of the Russian Humanistic Society)
- Igor Kondrashin (Philosopher, vice-President of the World Philosophical Forum)
- ... ( ... )
In the development of these ideas in 2009 was published Neo-gumanist statement on secular principles and values.
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